{"id":1002268,"name":"Period life expectancy at birth - Sex: total - Age: 0","unit":"years","createdAt":"2024-12-03T16:37:05.000Z","updatedAt":"2025-04-14T15:18:21.000Z","coverage":"","timespan":"1543-2023","datasetId":6835,"shortUnit":"years","columnOrder":0,"shortName":"life_expectancy_0__sex_total__age_0","catalogPath":"grapher/demography/2024-12-03/life_expectancy/life_expectancy#life_expectancy_0__sex_total__age_0","dimensions":{"years":{"values":[{"id":1950},{"id":1951},{"id":1952},{"id":1953},{"id":1954},{"id":1955},{"id":1956},{"id":1957},{"id":1958},{"id":1959},{"id":1960},{"id":1961},{"id":1962},{"id":1963},{"id":1964},{"id":1965},{"id":1966},{"id":1967},{"id":1968},{"id":1969},{"id":1970},{"id":1971},{"id":1972},{"id":1973},{"id":1974},{"id":1975},{"id":1976},{"id":1977},{"id":1978},{"id":1979},{"id":1980},{"id":1981},{"id":1982},{"id":1983},{"id":1984},{"id":1985},{"id":1986},{"id":1987},{"id":1988},{"id":1989},{"id":1990},{"id":1991},{"id":1992},{"id":1993},{"id":1994},{"id":1995},{"id":1996},{"id":1997},{"id":1998},{"id":1999},{"id":2000},{"id":2001},{"id":2002},{"id":2003},{"id":2004},{"id":2005},{"id":2006},{"id":2007},{"id":2008},{"id":2009},{"id":2010},{"id":2011},{"id":2012},{"id":2013},{"id":2014},{"id":2015},{"id":2016},{"id":2017},{"id":2018},{"id":2019},{"id":2020},{"id":2021},{"id":2022},{"id":2023},{"id":1770},{"id":1925},{"id":1923},{"id":1933},{"id":1943},{"id":1830},{"id":1850},{"id":1870},{"id":1900},{"id":1913},{"id":1940},{"id":1875},{"id":1880},{"id":1885},{"id":1890},{"id":1895},{"id":1905},{"id":1910},{"id":1915},{"id":1920},{"id":1930},{"id":1935},{"id":1945},{"id":1921},{"id":1922},{"id":1924},{"id":1926},{"id":1927},{"id":1928},{"id":1929},{"id":1931},{"id":1932},{"id":1934},{"id":1936},{"id":1937},{"id":1938},{"id":1939},{"id":1941},{"id":1942},{"id":1944},{"id":1946},{"id":1947},{"id":1948},{"id":1949},{"id":1881},{"id":1891},{"id":1901},{"id":1903},{"id":1911},{"id":1876},{"id":1886},{"id":1896},{"id":1906},{"id":1841},{"id":1842},{"id":1843},{"id":1844},{"id":1845},{"id":1846},{"id":1847},{"id":1848},{"id":1849},{"id":1851},{"id":1852},{"id":1853},{"id":1854},{"id":1855},{"id":1856},{"id":1857},{"id":1858},{"id":1859},{"id":1860},{"id":1861},{"id":1862},{"id":1863},{"id":1864},{"id":1865},{"id":1866},{"id":1867},{"id":1868},{"id":1869},{"id":1871},{"id":1872},{"id":1873},{"id":1874},{"id":1877},{"id":1878},{"id":1879},{"id":1882},{"id":1883},{"id":1884},{"id":1887},{"id":1888},{"id":1889},{"id":1892},{"id":1893},{"id":1894},{"id":1897},{"id":1898},{"id":1899},{"id":1902},{"id":1904},{"id":1907},{"id":1908},{"id":1909},{"id":1912},{"id":1919},{"id":1831},{"id":1917},{"id":1918},{"id":1775},{"id":1835},{"id":1836},{"id":1837},{"id":1838},{"id":1839},{"id":1840},{"id":1914},{"id":1916},{"id":1800},{"id":1820},{"id":1755},{"id":1765},{"id":1785},{"id":1795},{"id":1805},{"id":1815},{"id":1825},{"id":1816},{"id":1817},{"id":1818},{"id":1819},{"id":1821},{"id":1822},{"id":1823},{"id":1824},{"id":1826},{"id":1827},{"id":1828},{"id":1829},{"id":1832},{"id":1833},{"id":1834},{"id":1751},{"id":1752},{"id":1753},{"id":1754},{"id":1756},{"id":1757},{"id":1758},{"id":1759},{"id":1760},{"id":1761},{"id":1762},{"id":1763},{"id":1764},{"id":1766},{"id":1767},{"id":1768},{"id":1769},{"id":1771},{"id":1772},{"id":1773},{"id":1774},{"id":1776},{"id":1777},{"id":1778},{"id":1779},{"id":1780},{"id":1781},{"id":1782},{"id":1783},{"id":1784},{"id":1786},{"id":1787},{"id":1788},{"id":1789},{"id":1790},{"id":1791},{"id":1792},{"id":1793},{"id":1794},{"id":1796},{"id":1797},{"id":1798},{"id":1799},{"id":1801},{"id":1802},{"id":1803},{"id":1804},{"id":1806},{"id":1807},{"id":1808},{"id":1809},{"id":1810},{"id":1811},{"id":1812},{"id":1813},{"id":1814},{"id":1543},{"id":1548},{"id":1553},{"id":1558},{"id":1563},{"id":1568},{"id":1573},{"id":1578},{"id":1583},{"id":1588},{"id":1593},{"id":1598},{"id":1603},{"id":1608},{"id":1613},{"id":1618},{"id":1623},{"id":1628},{"id":1633},{"id":1638},{"id":1643},{"id":1648},{"id":1653},{"id":1658},{"id":1663},{"id":1668},{"id":1673},{"id":1678},{"id":1683},{"id":1688},{"id":1693},{"id":1698},{"id":1703},{"id":1708},{"id":1713},{"id":1718},{"id":1723},{"id":1728},{"id":1733},{"id":1738},{"id":1743},{"id":1748}]},"entities":{"values":[{"id":15,"name":"Afghanistan","code":"AFG"},{"id":273,"name":"Africa","code":null},{"id":16,"name":"Albania","code":"ALB"},{"id":17,"name":"Algeria","code":"DZA"},{"id":246,"name":"American Samoa","code":"ASM"},{"id":290,"name":"Americas","code":null},{"id":18,"name":"Andorra","code":"AND"},{"id":19,"name":"Angola","code":"AGO"},{"id":228,"name":"Anguilla","code":"AIA"},{"id":20,"name":"Antigua and Barbuda","code":"ATG"},{"id":21,"name":"Argentina","code":"ARG"},{"id":22,"name":"Armenia","code":"ARM"},{"id":219,"name":"Aruba","code":"ABW"},{"id":275,"name":"Asia","code":null},{"id":23,"name":"Australia","code":"AUS"},{"id":24,"name":"Austria","code":"AUT"},{"id":25,"name":"Azerbaijan","code":"AZE"},{"id":26,"name":"Bahamas","code":"BHS"},{"id":27,"name":"Bahrain","code":"BHR"},{"id":28,"name":"Bangladesh","code":"BGD"},{"id":29,"name":"Barbados","code":"BRB"},{"id":30,"name":"Belarus","code":"BLR"},{"id":4,"name":"Belgium","code":"BEL"},{"id":31,"name":"Belize","code":"BLZ"},{"id":32,"name":"Benin","code":"BEN"},{"id":194,"name":"Bermuda","code":"BMU"},{"id":33,"name":"Bhutan","code":"BTN"},{"id":34,"name":"Bolivia","code":"BOL"},{"id":348,"name":"Bonaire Sint Eustatius and Saba","code":"BES"},{"id":35,"name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","code":"BIH"},{"id":36,"name":"Botswana","code":"BWA"},{"id":37,"name":"Brazil","code":"BRA"},{"id":196,"name":"British Virgin Islands","code":"VGB"},{"id":38,"name":"Brunei","code":"BRN"},{"id":39,"name":"Bulgaria","code":"BGR"},{"id":40,"name":"Burkina Faso","code":"BFA"},{"id":41,"name":"Burundi","code":"BDI"},{"id":42,"name":"Cambodia","code":"KHM"},{"id":43,"name":"Cameroon","code":"CMR"},{"id":44,"name":"Canada","code":"CAN"},{"id":45,"name":"Cape Verde","code":"CPV"},{"id":197,"name":"Cayman Islands","code":"CYM"},{"id":174,"name":"Central African Republic","code":"CAF"},{"id":173,"name":"Chad","code":"TCD"},{"id":172,"name":"Chile","code":"CHL"},{"id":171,"name":"China","code":"CHN"},{"id":170,"name":"Colombia","code":"COL"},{"id":169,"name":"Comoros","code":"COM"},{"id":168,"name":"Congo","code":"COG"},{"id":199,"name":"Cook Islands","code":"COK"},{"id":166,"name":"Costa Rica","code":"CRI"},{"id":143,"name":"Cote d'Ivoire","code":"CIV"},{"id":165,"name":"Croatia","code":"HRV"},{"id":164,"name":"Cuba","code":"CUB"},{"id":279,"name":"Curacao","code":"CUW"},{"id":163,"name":"Cyprus","code":"CYP"},{"id":162,"name":"Czechia","code":"CZE"},{"id":167,"name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","code":"COD"},{"id":161,"name":"Denmark","code":"DNK"},{"id":154,"name":"Djibouti","code":"DJI"},{"id":200,"name":"Dominica","code":"DMA"},{"id":160,"name":"Dominican Republic","code":"DOM"},{"id":225,"name":"East Timor","code":"TLS"},{"id":201,"name":"Ecuador","code":"ECU"},{"id":65,"name":"Egypt","code":"EGY"},{"id":259,"name":"El Salvador","code":"SLV"},{"id":278,"name":"England and Wales","code":null},{"id":159,"name":"Equatorial Guinea","code":"GNQ"},{"id":157,"name":"Eritrea","code":"ERI"},{"id":156,"name":"Estonia","code":"EST"},{"id":78,"name":"Eswatini","code":"SWZ"},{"id":158,"name":"Ethiopia","code":"ETH"},{"id":276,"name":"Europe","code":null},{"id":249,"name":"Falkland Islands","code":"FLK"},{"id":250,"name":"Faroe Islands","code":"FRO"},{"id":202,"name":"Fiji","code":"FJI"},{"id":155,"name":"Finland","code":"FIN"},{"id":3,"name":"France","code":"FRA"},{"id":253,"name":"French Guiana","code":"GUF"},{"id":203,"name":"French Polynesia","code":"PYF"},{"id":153,"name":"Gabon","code":"GAB"},{"id":151,"name":"Gambia","code":"GMB"},{"id":152,"name":"Georgia","code":"GEO"},{"id":6,"name":"Germany","code":"DEU"},{"id":150,"name":"Ghana","code":"GHA"},{"id":251,"name":"Gibraltar","code":"GIB"},{"id":149,"name":"Greece","code":"GRC"},{"id":205,"name":"Greenland","code":"GRL"},{"id":206,"name":"Grenada","code":"GRD"},{"id":252,"name":"Guadeloupe","code":"GLP"},{"id":254,"name":"Guam","code":"GUM"},{"id":148,"name":"Guatemala","code":"GTM"},{"id":282,"name":"Guernsey","code":"GGY"},{"id":147,"name":"Guinea","code":"GIN"},{"id":94,"name":"Guinea-Bissau","code":"GNB"},{"id":146,"name":"Guyana","code":"GUY"},{"id":145,"name":"Haiti","code":"HTI"},{"id":370968,"name":"High-and-upper-middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":457,"name":"High-income countries","code":null},{"id":139,"name":"Honduras","code":"HND"},{"id":144,"name":"Hong Kong","code":"HKG"},{"id":138,"name":"Hungary","code":"HUN"},{"id":207,"name":"Iceland","code":"ISL"},{"id":137,"name":"India","code":"IND"},{"id":136,"name":"Indonesia","code":"IDN"},{"id":135,"name":"Iran","code":"IRN"},{"id":134,"name":"Iraq","code":"IRQ"},{"id":2,"name":"Ireland","code":"IRL"},{"id":265,"name":"Isle of Man","code":"IMN"},{"id":133,"name":"Israel","code":"ISR"},{"id":8,"name":"Italy","code":"ITA"},{"id":132,"name":"Jamaica","code":"JAM"},{"id":14,"name":"Japan","code":"JPN"},{"id":283,"name":"Jersey","code":"JEY"},{"id":130,"name":"Jordan","code":"JOR"},{"id":131,"name":"Kazakhstan","code":"KAZ"},{"id":129,"name":"Kenya","code":"KEN"},{"id":204,"name":"Kiribati","code":"KIR"},{"id":379,"name":"Kosovo","code":"OWID_KOS"},{"id":208,"name":"Kuwait","code":"KWT"},{"id":126,"name":"Kyrgyzstan","code":"KGZ"},{"id":92373,"name":"Land-locked Developing Countries (LLDC)","code":null},{"id":125,"name":"Laos","code":"LAO"},{"id":343,"name":"Latin America and the Caribbean","code":null},{"id":122,"name":"Latvia","code":"LVA"},{"id":454,"name":"Least developed countries","code":null},{"id":124,"name":"Lebanon","code":"LBN"},{"id":123,"name":"Lesotho","code":"LSO"},{"id":453,"name":"Less developed regions","code":null},{"id":456,"name":"Less developed regions, excluding China","code":null},{"id":455,"name":"Less developed regions, excluding least developed countries","code":null},{"id":121,"name":"Liberia","code":"LBR"},{"id":120,"name":"Libya","code":"LBY"},{"id":209,"name":"Liechtenstein","code":"LIE"},{"id":119,"name":"Lithuania","code":"LTU"},{"id":370967,"name":"Low-and-Lower-middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":370966,"name":"Low-and-middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":461,"name":"Low-income countries","code":null},{"id":460,"name":"Lower-middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":210,"name":"Luxembourg","code":"LUX"},{"id":262,"name":"Macao","code":"MAC"},{"id":118,"name":"Madagascar","code":"MDG"},{"id":117,"name":"Malawi","code":"MWI"},{"id":116,"name":"Malaysia","code":"MYS"},{"id":211,"name":"Maldives","code":"MDV"},{"id":115,"name":"Mali","code":"MLI"},{"id":212,"name":"Malta","code":"MLT"},{"id":223,"name":"Marshall Islands","code":"MHL"},{"id":284,"name":"Martinique","code":"MTQ"},{"id":114,"name":"Mauritania","code":"MRT"},{"id":213,"name":"Mauritius","code":"MUS"},{"id":193,"name":"Mayotte","code":"MYT"},{"id":113,"name":"Mexico","code":"MEX"},{"id":222,"name":"Micronesia (country)","code":"FSM"},{"id":458,"name":"Middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":111,"name":"Moldova","code":"MDA"},{"id":214,"name":"Monaco","code":"MCO"},{"id":112,"name":"Mongolia","code":"MNG"},{"id":215,"name":"Montenegro","code":"MNE"},{"id":216,"name":"Montserrat","code":"MSR"},{"id":452,"name":"More developed regions","code":null},{"id":110,"name":"Morocco","code":"MAR"},{"id":109,"name":"Mozambique","code":"MOZ"},{"id":142,"name":"Myanmar","code":"MMR"},{"id":108,"name":"Namibia","code":"NAM"},{"id":218,"name":"Nauru","code":"NRU"},{"id":107,"name":"Nepal","code":"NPL"},{"id":5,"name":"Netherlands","code":"NLD"},{"id":220,"name":"New Caledonia","code":"NCL"},{"id":106,"name":"New Zealand","code":"NZL"},{"id":105,"name":"Nicaragua","code":"NIC"},{"id":104,"name":"Niger","code":"NER"},{"id":103,"name":"Nigeria","code":"NGA"},{"id":261,"name":"Niue","code":"NIU"},{"id":92374,"name":"No income group available","code":null},{"id":128,"name":"North Korea","code":"PRK"},{"id":66,"name":"North Macedonia","code":"MKD"},{"id":450,"name":"Northern America","code":null},{"id":357,"name":"Northern Ireland","code":null},{"id":266,"name":"Northern Mariana Islands","code":"MNP"},{"id":102,"name":"Norway","code":"NOR"},{"id":277,"name":"Oceania","code":null},{"id":217,"name":"Oman","code":"OMN"},{"id":101,"name":"Pakistan","code":"PAK"},{"id":224,"name":"Palau","code":"PLW"},{"id":140,"name":"Palestine","code":"PSE"},{"id":100,"name":"Panama","code":"PAN"},{"id":99,"name":"Papua New Guinea","code":"PNG"},{"id":98,"name":"Paraguay","code":"PRY"},{"id":97,"name":"Peru","code":"PER"},{"id":96,"name":"Philippines","code":"PHL"},{"id":11,"name":"Poland","code":"POL"},{"id":95,"name":"Portugal","code":"PRT"},{"id":93,"name":"Puerto Rico","code":"PRI"},{"id":226,"name":"Qatar","code":"QAT"},{"id":245,"name":"Reunion","code":"REU"},{"id":92,"name":"Romania","code":"ROU"},{"id":12,"name":"Russia","code":"RUS"},{"id":91,"name":"Rwanda","code":"RWA"},{"id":297,"name":"Saint Barthelemy","code":"BLM"},{"id":260,"name":"Saint Helena","code":"SHN"},{"id":227,"name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","code":"KNA"},{"id":229,"name":"Saint Lucia","code":"LCA"},{"id":280,"name":"Saint Martin (French part)","code":"MAF"},{"id":353,"name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","code":"SPM"},{"id":230,"name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","code":"VCT"},{"id":239,"name":"Samoa","code":"WSM"},{"id":231,"name":"San Marino","code":"SMR"},{"id":232,"name":"Sao Tome and Principe","code":"STP"},{"id":90,"name":"Saudi Arabia","code":"SAU"},{"id":358,"name":"Scotland","code":null},{"id":89,"name":"Senegal","code":"SEN"},{"id":88,"name":"Serbia","code":"SRB"},{"id":233,"name":"Seychelles","code":"SYC"},{"id":87,"name":"Sierra Leone","code":"SLE"},{"id":86,"name":"Singapore","code":"SGP"},{"id":281,"name":"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)","code":"SXM"},{"id":85,"name":"Slovakia","code":"SVK"},{"id":83,"name":"Slovenia","code":"SVN"},{"id":38229,"name":"Small Island Developing States (SIDS)","code":null},{"id":195,"name":"Solomon Islands","code":"SLB"},{"id":82,"name":"Somalia","code":"SOM"},{"id":81,"name":"South Africa","code":"ZAF"},{"id":127,"name":"South Korea","code":"KOR"},{"id":258,"name":"South Sudan","code":"SSD"},{"id":9,"name":"Spain","code":"ESP"},{"id":141,"name":"Sri Lanka","code":"LKA"},{"id":79,"name":"Sudan","code":"SDN"},{"id":234,"name":"Suriname","code":"SUR"},{"id":10,"name":"Sweden","code":"SWE"},{"id":7,"name":"Switzerland","code":"CHE"},{"id":77,"name":"Syria","code":"SYR"},{"id":198,"name":"Taiwan","code":"TWN"},{"id":76,"name":"Tajikistan","code":"TJK"},{"id":64,"name":"Tanzania","code":"TZA"},{"id":75,"name":"Thailand","code":"THA"},{"id":74,"name":"Togo","code":"TGO"},{"id":287,"name":"Tokelau","code":"TKL"},{"id":235,"name":"Tonga","code":"TON"},{"id":73,"name":"Trinidad and Tobago","code":"TTO"},{"id":71,"name":"Tunisia","code":"TUN"},{"id":70,"name":"Turkey","code":"TUR"},{"id":69,"name":"Turkmenistan","code":"TKM"},{"id":236,"name":"Turks and Caicos Islands","code":"TCA"},{"id":237,"name":"Tuvalu","code":"TUV"},{"id":270,"name":"USSR","code":"OWID_USS"},{"id":68,"name":"Uganda","code":"UGA"},{"id":67,"name":"Ukraine","code":"UKR"},{"id":72,"name":"United Arab Emirates","code":"ARE"},{"id":1,"name":"United Kingdom","code":"GBR"},{"id":13,"name":"United States","code":"USA"},{"id":256,"name":"United States Virgin Islands","code":"VIR"},{"id":459,"name":"Upper-middle-income countries","code":null},{"id":63,"name":"Uruguay","code":"URY"},{"id":62,"name":"Uzbekistan","code":"UZB"},{"id":221,"name":"Vanuatu","code":"VUT"},{"id":257,"name":"Vatican","code":"VAT"},{"id":238,"name":"Venezuela","code":"VEN"},{"id":84,"name":"Vietnam","code":"VNM"},{"id":255,"name":"Wallis and Futuna","code":"WLF"},{"id":248,"name":"Western Sahara","code":"ESH"},{"id":355,"name":"World","code":"OWID_WRL"},{"id":61,"name":"Yemen","code":"YEM"},{"id":60,"name":"Zambia","code":"ZMB"},{"id":80,"name":"Zimbabwe","code":"ZWE"}]}},"descriptionShort":"The period life expectancy at birth, in a given year.","type":"float","grapherConfigIdETL":"01938d61-ee79-7770-bc23-39f947387956","dataChecksum":"3559167981425411745","metadataChecksum":"-3212837252090233178","datasetName":"Life Expectancy (period)","updatePeriodDays":365,"datasetVersion":"2024-12-03","nonRedistributable":false,"display":{"name":"Life expectancy at birth","unit":"years","shortUnit":"years","numDecimalPlaces":1},"schemaVersion":2,"processingLevel":"minor","presentation":{"titlePublic":"Life expectancy at birth","titleVariant":"period tables","attributionShort":"Various sources","attribution":"UN WPP (2024); HMD (2024); Zijdeman et al. (2015); Riley (2005)","topicTagsLinks":["Life Expectancy"]},"descriptionKey":["Period life expectancy is a metric that summarizes death rates across all age groups in one particular year.","For a given year, it represents the remaining average lifespan for a hypothetical group of people, if they experienced the same age-specific death rates throughout the rest of their lives as the age-specific death rates seen in that particular year.","Prior to 1950, we use HMD (2024) data combined with Zijdeman (2015). From 1950 onwards, we use UN WPP (2024) data. For old regional data, we use Riley (2005) estimates."],"origins":[{"id":2126,"title":"Human Mortality Database","description":"The Human Mortality Database (HMD) contains original calculations of all-cause death rates and life tables for national populations (countries or areas), as well as the input data used in constructing those tables. The input data consist of death counts from vital statistics, plus census counts, birth counts, and population estimates from various sources.\n\n\n# Scope and basic principles\n\nThe database is limited by design to populations where death registration and census data are virtually complete, since this type of information is required for the uniform method used to reconstruct historical data series. As a result, the countries and areas included here are relatively wealthy and for the most part highly industrialized.\n\nThe main goal of the Human Mortality Database is to document the longevity revolution of the modern era and to facilitate research into its causes and consequences. As much as possible, the authors of the database have followed four guiding principles: comparability, flexibility, accessibility, reproducibility.\n\n\n# Computing death rates and life tables\n\nTheir process for computing mortality rates and life tables can be described in terms of six steps, corresponding to six data types that are available from the HMD. Here is an overview of the process:\n\n1. Births. Annual counts of live births by sex are collected for each population over the longest possible time period. These counts are used mainly for making population estimates at younger ages.\n2. Deaths. Death counts are collected at the finest level of detail available. If raw data are aggregated, uniform methods are used to estimate death counts by completed age (i.e., age-last-birthday at time of death), calendar year of death, and calendar year of birth.\n3. Population size. Annual estimates of population size on January 1st are either obtained from another source or are derived from census data plus birth and death counts.\n4. Exposure-to-risk. Estimates of the population exposed to the risk of death during some age-time interval are based on annual (January 1st) population estimates, with a small correction that reflects the timing of deaths within the interval.\n5. Death rates. Death rates are always a ratio of the death count for a given age-time interval divided by an estimate of the exposure-to-risk in the same interval.\n6. Life tables. To build a life table, probabilities of death are computed from death rates. These probabilities are used to construct life tables, which include life expectancies and other useful indicators of mortality and longevity.\n\n\n# Corrections to the data\n\nThe data presented here have been corrected for gross errors (e.g., a processing error whereby 3,800 becomes 38,000 in a published statistical table would be obvious in most cases, and it would be corrected). However, the authors have not attempted to correct the data for systematic age misstatement (misreporting of age) or coverage errors (over- or under-enumeration of people or events).\n\nSome available studies assess the completeness of census coverage or death registration in the various countries, and more work is needed in this area. However, in developing the database thus far, the authors did not consider it feasible or desirable to attempt corrections of this sort, especially since it would be impossible to correct the data by a uniform method across all countries.\n\n\n# Age misreporting\n\nPopulations are included here if there is a well-founded belief that the coverage of their census and vital registration systems is relatively high, and thus, that fruitful analyses by both specialists and non-specialists should be possible with these data. Nevertheless, there is evidence of both age heaping (overreporting ages ending in \"0\" or \"5\") and age exaggeration in these data.\n\nIn general, the degree of age heaping in these data varies by the time period and population considered, but it is usually no burden to scientific analysis. In most cases, it is sufficient to analyze data in five-year age groups in order to avoid the false impressions created by this particular form of age misstatement.\n\nAge exaggeration, on the other hand, is a more insidious problem. The authors' approach is guided by the conventional wisdom that age reporting in death registration systems is typically more reliable than in census counts or official population estimates. For this reason, the authors derive population estimates at older ages from the death counts themselves, employing extinct cohort methods. Such methods eliminate some, but certainly not all, of the biases in old-age mortality estimates due to age exaggeration.\n\n\n# Uniform set of procedures\n\nA key goal of this project is to follow a uniform set of procedures for each population. This approach does not guarantee the cross-national comparability of the data. Rather, it ensures only that the authors have not introduced biases by the authors' own manipulations. The desire of the authors for uniformity had to face the challenge that raw data come in a variety of formats (for example, 1-year versus 5-year age groups). The authors' general approach to this problem is that the available raw data are used first to estimate two quantities: 1) the number of deaths by completed age, year of birth, and year of death; and 2) population estimates by single years of age on January 1 of each year. For each population, these calculations are performed separately by sex. From these two pieces of information, they compute death rates and life tables in a variety of age-time configurations.\n\nIt is reasonable to ask whether a single procedure is the best method for treating the data from a variety of populations. Here, two points must be considered. First, the authors' uniform methodology is based on procedures that were developed separately, though following similar principles, for various countries and by different researchers. Earlier methods were synthesized by choosing what they considered the best among alternative procedures and by eliminating superficial inconsistencies. The second point is that a uniform procedure is possible only because the authors have not attempted to correct the data for reporting and coverage errors. Although some general principles could be followed, such problems would have to be addressed individually for each population.\n\nAlthough the authors adhere strictly to a uniform procedure, the data for each population also receive significant individualized attention. Each country or area is assigned to an individual researcher, who takes responsibility for assembling and checking the data for errors. In addition, the person assigned to each country/area checks the authors' data against other available sources. These procedures help to assure a high level of data quality, but assistance from database users in identifying problems is always appreciated!","producer":"Human Mortality Database","citationFull":"HMD. Human Mortality Database. Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany), University of California, Berkeley (USA), and French Institute for Demographic Studies (France). Available at www.mortality.org.\n\nSee also the methods protocol:\nWilmoth, J. R., Andreev, K., Jdanov, D., Glei, D. A., Riffe, T., Boe, C., Bubenheim, M., Philipov, D., Shkolnikov, V., Vachon, P., Winant, C., & Barbieri, M. (2021). Methods protocol for the human mortality database (v6). [Available online](https://www.mortality.org/File/GetDocument/Public/Docs/MethodsProtocolV6.pdf) (needs log in to mortality.org).","attributionShort":"HMD","urlMain":"https://www.mortality.org/Data/ZippedDataFiles","dateAccessed":"2024-11-27","datePublished":"2024-11-13","license":{"url":"https://www.mortality.org/Data/UserAgreement","name":"CC BY 4.0"}},{"id":2130,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects - Life Tables (Both sexes)","title":"World Population Prospects","descriptionSnapshot":"Provides single-age life tables up to age 100 for both sexes with a set of values showing the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of infants born at the same time and subject throughout their lifetime to the specific mortality rates of a given year. The following series are provided: age-specific mortality rates (mx), probabilities of dying (qx), probabilities of surviving (px), number surviving (lx), number dying (dx), number of person-years lived (Lx), survivorship ratios (Sx), cumulative stationary population (Tx), average remaining life expectancy (ex) and average number of years lived (ax).","description":"The World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration for 237 countries or areas.\n\nFor each revision, any new, recent, and historical, information that has become available from population censuses, vital registration of births and deaths, and household surveys is considered to produce consistent time series of population estimates for each country or areas from 1950 to today\n\nFor the estimation period between 1950 and 2023, data from 1,910 censuses were considered in the present evaluation, which is 79 more than the 2022 revision. In some countries, population registers based on administrative data systems provide the necessary information. Population data from censuses or registers referring to 2019 or later were available for 114 countries or areas, representing 48 per cent of the 237 countries or areas included in this analysis (and 54 per cent of the world population). For 43 countries or areas, the most recent available population count was from the period 2014-2018, and for another 57 locations from the period 2009-2013. For the remaining 23 countries or areas, the most recent available census data were from before 2009, that is more than 15 years ago.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","dateAccessed":"2024-12-02","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":2131,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects - Life Tables (Female)","title":"World Population Prospects","descriptionSnapshot":"Provides single-age life tables up to age 100 for females with a set of values showing the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of infants born at the same time and subject throughout their lifetime to the specific mortality rates of a given year. The following series are provided: age-specific mortality rates (mx), probabilities of dying (qx), probabilities of surviving (px), number surviving (lx), number dying (dx), number of person-years lived (Lx), survivorship ratios (Sx), cumulative stationary population (Tx), average remaining life expectancy (ex) and average number of years lived (ax).","description":"The World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration for 237 countries or areas.\n\nFor each revision, any new, recent, and historical, information that has become available from population censuses, vital registration of births and deaths, and household surveys is considered to produce consistent time series of population estimates for each country or areas from 1950 to today\n\nFor the estimation period between 1950 and 2023, data from 1,910 censuses were considered in the present evaluation, which is 79 more than the 2022 revision. In some countries, population registers based on administrative data systems provide the necessary information. Population data from censuses or registers referring to 2019 or later were available for 114 countries or areas, representing 48 per cent of the 237 countries or areas included in this analysis (and 54 per cent of the world population). For 43 countries or areas, the most recent available population count was from the period 2014-2018, and for another 57 locations from the period 2009-2013. For the remaining 23 countries or areas, the most recent available census data were from before 2009, that is more than 15 years ago.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","dateAccessed":"2024-12-02","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":2132,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects - Life Tables (Male)","title":"World Population Prospects","descriptionSnapshot":"Provides single-age life tables up to age 100 for males with a set of values showing the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of infants born at the same time and subject throughout their lifetime to the specific mortality rates of a given year. The following series are provided: age-specific mortality rates (mx), probabilities of dying (qx), probabilities of surviving (px), number surviving (lx), number dying (dx), number of person-years lived (Lx), survivorship ratios (Sx), cumulative stationary population (Tx), average remaining life expectancy (ex) and average number of years lived (ax).","description":"The World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration for 237 countries or areas.\n\nFor each revision, any new, recent, and historical, information that has become available from population censuses, vital registration of births and deaths, and household surveys is considered to produce consistent time series of population estimates for each country or areas from 1950 to today\n\nFor the estimation period between 1950 and 2023, data from 1,910 censuses were considered in the present evaluation, which is 79 more than the 2022 revision. In some countries, population registers based on administrative data systems provide the necessary information. Population data from censuses or registers referring to 2019 or later were available for 114 countries or areas, representing 48 per cent of the 237 countries or areas included in this analysis (and 54 per cent of the world population). For 43 countries or areas, the most recent available population count was from the period 2014-2018, and for another 57 locations from the period 2009-2013. For the remaining 23 countries or areas, the most recent available census data were from before 2009, that is more than 15 years ago.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","dateAccessed":"2024-12-02","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":2221,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects - Life Tables (Medium projections, Both sexes)","title":"World Population Prospects","descriptionSnapshot":"Provides single-age life tables up to age 100 for both sexes projected to 2024-2100 using Medium scenario. It contains a set of values showing the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of infants born at the same time and subject throughout their lifetime to the specific mortality rates of a given year. The following series are provided: age-specific mortality rates (mx), probabilities of dying (qx), probabilities of surviving (px), number surviving (lx), number dying (dx), number of person-years lived (Lx), survivorship ratios (Sx), cumulative stationary population (Tx), average remaining life expectancy (ex) and average number of years lived (ax).","description":"The World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration for 237 countries or areas.\n\nFor each revision, any new, recent, and historical, information that has become available from population censuses, vital registration of births and deaths, and household surveys is considered to produce consistent time series of population estimates for each country or areas from 1950 to today\n\nFor the estimation period between 1950 and 2023, data from 1,910 censuses were considered in the present evaluation, which is 79 more than the 2022 revision. In some countries, population registers based on administrative data systems provide the necessary information. Population data from censuses or registers referring to 2019 or later were available for 114 countries or areas, representing 48 per cent of the 237 countries or areas included in this analysis (and 54 per cent of the world population). For 43 countries or areas, the most recent available population count was from the period 2014-2018, and for another 57 locations from the period 2009-2013. For the remaining 23 countries or areas, the most recent available census data were from before 2009, that is more than 15 years ago.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","dateAccessed":"2024-12-17","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":2222,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects - Life Tables (Medium projections, Female)","title":"World Population Prospects","descriptionSnapshot":"Provides single-age life tables up to age 100 for females projected to 2024-2100 using Medium scenario. It contains a set of values showing the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of infants born at the same time and subject throughout their lifetime to the specific mortality rates of a given year. The following series are provided: age-specific mortality rates (mx), probabilities of dying (qx), probabilities of surviving (px), number surviving (lx), number dying (dx), number of person-years lived (Lx), survivorship ratios (Sx), cumulative stationary population (Tx), average remaining life expectancy (ex) and average number of years lived (ax).","description":"The World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration for 237 countries or areas.\n\nFor each revision, any new, recent, and historical, information that has become available from population censuses, vital registration of births and deaths, and household surveys is considered to produce consistent time series of population estimates for each country or areas from 1950 to today\n\nFor the estimation period between 1950 and 2023, data from 1,910 censuses were considered in the present evaluation, which is 79 more than the 2022 revision. In some countries, population registers based on administrative data systems provide the necessary information. Population data from censuses or registers referring to 2019 or later were available for 114 countries or areas, representing 48 per cent of the 237 countries or areas included in this analysis (and 54 per cent of the world population). For 43 countries or areas, the most recent available population count was from the period 2014-2018, and for another 57 locations from the period 2009-2013. For the remaining 23 countries or areas, the most recent available census data were from before 2009, that is more than 15 years ago.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","dateAccessed":"2024-12-17","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":2223,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects - Life Tables (Medium projections, Male)","title":"World Population Prospects","descriptionSnapshot":"Provides single-age life tables up to age 100 for males projected to 2024-2100 using Medium scenario. It contains a set of values showing the mortality experience of a hypothetical group of infants born at the same time and subject throughout their lifetime to the specific mortality rates of a given year. The following series are provided: age-specific mortality rates (mx), probabilities of dying (qx), probabilities of surviving (px), number surviving (lx), number dying (dx), number of person-years lived (Lx), survivorship ratios (Sx), cumulative stationary population (Tx), average remaining life expectancy (ex) and average number of years lived (ax).","description":"The World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality, and international migration for 237 countries or areas.\n\nFor each revision, any new, recent, and historical, information that has become available from population censuses, vital registration of births and deaths, and household surveys is considered to produce consistent time series of population estimates for each country or areas from 1950 to today\n\nFor the estimation period between 1950 and 2023, data from 1,910 censuses were considered in the present evaluation, which is 79 more than the 2022 revision. In some countries, population registers based on administrative data systems provide the necessary information. Population data from censuses or registers referring to 2019 or later were available for 114 countries or areas, representing 48 per cent of the 237 countries or areas included in this analysis (and 54 per cent of the world population). For 43 countries or areas, the most recent available population count was from the period 2014-2018, and for another 57 locations from the period 2009-2013. For the remaining 23 countries or areas, the most recent available census data were from before 2009, that is more than 15 years ago.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","dateAccessed":"2024-12-17","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":2669,"titleSnapshot":"World Population Prospects, Demographic indicators","title":"World Population Prospects","description":"World Population Prospects 2024 is the 28th edition of the official estimates and projections of the global population that have been published by the United Nations since 1951. The estimates are based on all available sources of data on population size and levels of fertility, mortality and international migration for 237 countries or areas. If you have questions about this dataset, please refer to [their FAQ](https://population.un.org/wpp/faqs). You can also explore [data sources](https://population.un.org/wpp/data-sources) for each country or visit [their main page](https://population.un.org/wpp/) for more details.","producer":"United Nations","citationFull":"United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition.","attribution":"UN, World Population Prospects (2024)","attributionShort":"UN WPP","urlMain":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/","urlDownload":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicator%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2024_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_FULL.xlsx","dateAccessed":"2024-07-11","datePublished":"2024-07-11","license":{"url":"https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/","name":"CC BY 3.0 IGO"}},{"id":1069,"title":"Life Expectancy at birth","description":"This dataset provides the period Life Expectancy at birth per country and year. The overall aim of the dataset is to cover the entire world from 1500-2000.\n\nThis version (version 2) was built as part of the OECD \"How was life\" project. The dataset has nearly global coverage for the post-1950 period, while pre-1950 coverage decreases the more historic the period. Depending on sources, the data are annual estimates, five-yearly or decadal estimates.\n\n  The sources used are:\n\n  - [UN World Population Project](http://esa.un.org/wpp/).\n  - [Human Mortality Database](http://www.mortality.org).\n  - [Gapminder](http://www.gapminder.org).\n  - [OECD](http://stats.oecd.org).\n  - [Montevideo-Oxford Latin America Economic History Database](http://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/moxlad-database).\n  - [ONS](http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/datasets-and-tables/index.html).\n  - [Australian Bureau of Statistics](http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/web+pages/statistics?opendocument#from-banner=LN).\n  - Kannisto, V., Nieminen, M. & Turpeinen, O. (1999). Finnish Life Tables since 1751, Demographic Research, 1(1), DOI: 10.4054/DemRes.1999.1.1\n\n  For specifics concerning (selections of) the sources, see the R code available in the working paper [here](https://clio-infra.eu/Indicators/LifeExpectancyatBirthTotal.html).","producer":"Zijdeman et al.","citationFull":"Zijdeman, Richard and Filipa Ribeira da Silva (2015). Life Expectancy at Birth (Total). http://hdl.handle.net/10622/LKYT53, accessed via the Clio Infra website.","versionProducer":"2","urlMain":"https://clio-infra.eu/Indicators/LifeExpectancyatBirthTotal.html","urlDownload":"https://clio-infra.eu/data/LifeExpectancyatBirth(Total)_Broad.xlsx","dateAccessed":"2023-10-10","datePublished":"2014-07-26","license":{"url":"https://datasets.iisg.amsterdam/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:10622/LKYT53","name":"CC0 1.0 Universal"}},{"id":148,"title":"Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800-2001","description":"Historians and demographers have gone through considerable trouble to reconstruct life expectancy in the past in individual countries.\n\nThis overview collects information from a large body of that work and links estimates for historical populations to those provided by the United Nations, the World Bank, and other sources for 1950–2001. The result shows regional and global life expectancy at birth for selected years from 1800 to 2001. The bibliography of more than 700 sources is published separately on the web.","producer":"James C. Riley","citationFull":"Riley, J.C. (2005), Estimates of Regional and Global Life Expectancy, 1800–2001. Population and Development Review, 31: 537-543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00083.x","urlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2005.00083.x","urlDownload":"https://u.demog.berkeley.edu/~jrw/Biblio/Eprints/%20P-S/riley.2005_estimates.global.e0.pdf","dateAccessed":"2023-10-10","datePublished":"2005-10-21","license":{"url":"https://about.jstor.org/terms/","name":"JSTOR terms"}}]}